European energy datasets

Eurostat

Annual complete energy balances in TJ/ktoe/GWh (nrg_bal_c), plus bi-annual electricity prices in EUR/kWh by consumption band and price component for households (nrg_pc_204) and industry (nrg_pc_205).

Ember

Monthly and yearly electricity generation (GWh/TWh), capacity (MW), emissions (ktCO₂e), demand by fuel for 88 (monthly) / 215 (yearly) geographies. Aggregated from ENTSO-E, EIA, Eurostat, EI, national sources.

Our World in Data

Consolidated country-year energy data: primary energy consumption, fuel mix, electricity generation by source, per-capita, carbon intensity, share of low-carbon. Built from Energy Institute Statistical Review, EIA, and Ember.

IRENA

Annual installed renewable capacity (MW) and generation (GWh) by country, technology and sub-technology: hydro, wind (onshore/offshore), solar PV, CSP, geothermal, bioenergy, marine. Includes off-grid capacity.

Copernicus

Hourly estimates of atmospheric, land and oceanic variables (2-m temperature, 10-m wind, precipitation, surface pressure, radiation, soil moisture, etc.) at ~31 km on 137 model levels; plus monthly aggregates. Distributed in GRIB/NetCDF via Copernicus CDS (cdsapi).

KNMI

Validated daily measurements for KNMI's automatic weather stations (~35 stations): mean/min/max temperature, sunshine, cloud cover, visibility, pressure, wind, precipitation, humidity, global radiation, evapotranspiration. Five long stations have homogenised series.

NASA

Solar irradiance, wind, temperature, humidity, precipitation, evapotranspiration and ~200 derived parameters via REST API. Backed by MERRA-2 (met) and CERES (solar) reanalysis. API returns CSV directly.

NOAA / NCEI

Integrated database of daily climate summaries from >100,000 land stations in 180 countries: TMAX, TMIN, PRCP, SNOW, SNWD, AWND, observation-time.

NOAA / NCEI

Global hourly/sub-hourly surface observations: wind speed/direction/gust, temperature, dew point, pressure, present weather, visibility, precipitation, snow depth, cloud data. >35,000 stations (>14,000 active).

Berkeley Earth

Monthly global surface temperature anomalies (1850–present) combining Berkeley Earth's land record (>40,000 stations homogenised) with kriged HadSST oceans. Land-only "Complete TAVG" back to 1750. Includes 1°×1° and 0.25°×0.25° gridded NetCDF.

Met Office Hadley Centre & UEA CRU

Gridded (5°×5°) monthly global near-surface temperature anomalies vs 1961–1990, blending CRUTEM5 land and HadSST4 ocean. 200-member ensemble; CSV summary series for global / NH / SH.

NASA

Global monthly land-ocean temperature index relative to 1951–1980, from NOAA GHCNm v4 land + NOAA ERSST v5 oceans. Global/hemispheric/zonal/2°×2° gridded; 200-member uncertainty ensemble.

NOAA / NCEI

NRT monthly time series of temperature, precipitation, heating/cooling degree days and four drought indices at global, NOAA region, climate division, state, county and city scopes. Temperature from NOAAGlobalTemp v6; precipitation from GPCP CDR (global) or nClimDiv (US).

Climate TRACE

Asset- and country-level GHG emissions for power, manufacturing, transportation, fossil fuel operations, agriculture, waste, buildings, mineral extraction, forestry & land use. Reports CO₂, CH₄, N₂O and CO₂e (AR6 GWP100/20), plus air pollutants (PM2.5, BC, OC, SO₂, NOx, NH₃, VOCs, CO).

JRC

Country- and sector-level emissions of CO₂ (fossil = IEA-EDGAR + bio), CH₄, N₂O, F-gases and total GHG in CO₂eq (AR5 GWP100). Sectors follow IPCC 1996 & 2006 codes; annual and monthly resolution; 0.1° gridded maps. Distributed as XLSX-in-ZIP per gas.

Global Carbon Project / University of Exeter

Annual national fossil CO₂ (coal, oil, gas, cement, flaring), per-capita and consumption-based emissions for every country 1750–2023, plus 2024 projection. Companion sheets cover global budget and land-use-change CO₂.

IEA

Free public extract of the full IEA GHG-from-Energy database. Annual energy-sector emissions of CO₂, CH₄, N₂O (fuel combustion + fugitive) by country, with extended CO₂ time series back to 1751 for 17 regions. Registration-gated XLSX download.

Our World in Data

Wide country-year table merging Global Carbon Budget, Jones et al., Energy Institute Statistical Review and Climate Watch — CO₂ (production & consumption-based), CH₄, N₂O, total GHG, per-capita / per-GDP / per-energy intensities, cumulative emissions, temperature contributions.

Climate Resource

Composite dataset merging UNFCCC, CDIAC, EDGAR, FAOSTAT, Andrew, Energy Institute and others. Country emissions of CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, HFCs, PFCs, SF₆, NF₃ by IPCC 2006 sector, with HISTCR (country-reported priority) and HISTTP (third-party priority) scenarios.

UNFCCC

Official GHG inventory data as reported by Parties — Annex I annual NIRs with Common Reporting Tables, and non-Annex I BURs/BTRs/NCs. CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, HFCs, PFCs, SF₆, NF₃ by IPCC sector, plus indirect gases. Community Parquet mirror available on Zenodo.

Elia

Marginal prices (€/MWh) per product including strategic reserve, refreshed every minute for current hour.

Elia

Pre-MARI marginal prices per product (€/MWh) at quarter-hourly resolution.

Elia

Post-MARI activation prices per quarter-hour (€/MWh); current version of ods082.

Elia

Price per product per quarter-hour (€/MWh), refreshed every 15 minutes for the current day.

Elia

Pre-MARI 1-minute cumulative activated volumes per product (MW) — aggregates aFRR, mFRR, IGCC, strategic reserve activations.

Elia

Volume per product per quarter-hour (MW), refreshed every 15 minutes for the current day.

Elia

Current-day activated MW per product, including service to neighbouring TSOs. Covers BE activations for Elia and other TSOs.

Elia

Static BRP roster: display name, official name, GLN/EIC codes, contact.

Elia

Pre-ICAROS inventory of installed capacity per unit and fuel: BRP, unit type, fuel type, installed capacity (MW).

SMARD

Realised grid load across Germany and balancing zones

Elia

Post-MARI prices of available balancing energy per product, refreshed every 15 minutes.

Elia

Upward/downward available {aFRR, mFRR, reserve sharing} prices (€/MWh). Post-PICASSO = highest/lowest bid; pre-PICASSO = volume-weighted avg.

Elia

Current-day available bid volumes per product: upward and downward available {aFRR, mFRR, reserve sharing, total} volumes (MW).

Elia

Post-MARI 1-minute price decomposition: components used to compute imbalance price.

Elia

Post-MARI live 1-minute price decomposition: price components feeding imbalance-price calculation.

Elia

Same schema as ods126 but cumulative within the quarter-hour: system imbalance, ACE, IGCC up/down, aFRR up/down, mFRR SA/DA up/down, reserve sharing import/export (MW).

Elia

Current-hour cumulative activated volumes per product (MW) including reserve sharing, refreshed every minute.

Elia

Post-MARI activated volumes per product (MW) at quarter-hourly resolution.

RMI (KMI)

10-minute AWS observations: temperature, humidity, wind, shortwave radiation, precipitation, soil temperature at 4 depths

Elia

Measured generation per technology: solar, wind (offshore/onshore), gas, nuclear, hydro, pump storage

RMI (KMI)

3-hourly synoptic weather from 22 Belgian stations: temperature, wind, humidity, pressure, precipitation, solar radiation, cloud cover

Elia

Measured total electricity consumption on the Elia high-voltage grid at 15-minute resolution

Elia

Post-ICAROS local countertrading at 15-minute resolution: activation (MW), reason, overloaded element, action.

Elia

Pre-ICAROS cross-border redispatch at 15-minute resolution: activation (MW), in/out area, reason, overloaded element.

Elia

Post-ICAROS local cross-border redispatch at 15-minute resolution: activation (MW), reason, overloaded element, action.

Elia

Internal redispatch per EU Reg. 543/2013 at 15-minute resolution: activation (MW), action (increase/decrease), reason, overloaded element.

Elia

Per-interconnector physical flow per border (MW) at 15-minute resolution.

Elia

Post-MARI SI with full IGCC and aFRR/mFRR component breakdown (Scheduled vs Direct Activation): system imbalance, ACE, IGCC up/down, aFRR up/down, mFRR SA/DA up/down, reserve sharing import/export (all MW).

Elia

Pre-MARI legacy system imbalance (MW), net regulation volume (MW), and components at 1-minute resolution. Covers period up to 22/05/2024.

Elia

Live SI+NRV feed at 1-minute resolution for current hour: instantaneous SI (MW), NRV components (MW).

Elia

Day-ahead nominations per border (AT/FR/NL/UK/LU) at 15-minute resolution: country, direction, commercial schedule (MW).

SMARD

Hourly day-ahead spot prices from EPEX SPOT for German-Luxembourg bidding zone and TSO sub-zones

Elia

NemoLink only: country, direction, NTC (MW) at hourly resolution. Other borders use flow-based.

Elia

Day-ahead market-coupling result at 15-minute resolution: implicit net position (MW; exports +, imports −). Useful proxy for DA cross-border position.

Elia

Pre-ICAROS ARP nominations by fuel at 15-minute resolution: fuel code, day-ahead generation schedule (MW).

DWD (CDC)

Hourly dry-bulb temperature at 2m and relative humidity from German climate observation stations

DWD (CDC)

Hourly dew point temperature, vapour pressure, and relative humidity from DWD climate stations

DWD (CDC)

Hourly station pressure and sea-level reduced pressure (hPa) from DWD climate stations

DWD (CDC)

Hourly total cloud cover in oktas (0–8 scale) from DWD synoptic observation stations

DWD (CDC)

Hourly horizontal visibility in metres and quality indicator from DWD climate stations

DWD (CDC)

Hourly precipitation amount (mm), type indicator, and precipitation form from DWD climate stations

DWD (CDC)

Hourly soil temperature at 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 cm depths from DWD climate stations

DWD (CDC)

Hourly global, diffuse, and atmospheric radiation (J/cm²) plus sunshine duration from DWD stations

DWD (CDC)

Hourly sunshine duration in minutes from DWD climate stations (Campbell-Stokes recorder)

DWD (CDC)

Hourly mean wind speed (m/s) and direction (degrees) at 10m height from DWD stations

U.S. Energy Information Administration

U.S. electricity time-series: hourly grid operating data (EIA-930), monthly/annual generation, capacity, fuel consumption, fuel receipts (EIA-923), generator inventory (EIA-860), retail sales, natural gas and coal prices.

SMARD

Actual generation per technology (solar, wind, coal, gas, nuclear) for Germany and TSO zones

ENTSO-E

Pan-European electricity market data: actual total load, generation per production type/fuel, day-ahead spot prices, cross-border physical flows, installed capacity, outages, balancing. Published by all European TSOs under EU Regulation 543/2013.

ENTSOG

Daily/hourly physical gas flow volumes per transmission point and direction across the ENTSOG network

ENTSOG

Daily contracted firm technical capacity per transmission point and direction

Elia

Final aggregated commercial schedule per border across all allocation timeframes (yearly + monthly + quarterly + weekly + daily + intraday) at 15-minute resolution (MW).

Elia

Pre-ICAROS forced outages, event-based: production unit name, fuel classification, production unit nominal power (MW), available power after outage (MW), outage reason.

Elia

Pre-ICAROS available-capacity forecast at hourly resolution: production unit name, scheduled value (MW).

Elia

Highest-resolution dataset in the catalog: grid frequency (Hz), FCR demand (MW) at 10-second resolution. Covers FCR/R1 activation needs.

Elexon

Half-hourly BM-connected generation output per fuel type (B1630). Rolling ~24h window only — no long-range historical.

NESO

Estimated distribution-connected (embedded) wind and solar, used to derive net demand

Elexon

Half-hourly market index price from APXMIDP (proxy for GB day-ahead price) in GBP/MWh

NESO

Metered demand on the GB transmission system (National Grid ESO historic demand data)

Open-Meteo

Short-range NWP forecast (7–16 days) at any global lat/lon: temperature, wind, radiation, and more

Open-Meteo

ECMWF ERA5 reanalysis at any global lat/lon from 1940 onwards. ~5-day lag from present.

Elia

Post-MARI 1-minute imbalance price (€/MWh); indicative price for current ISP, non-validated.

Elia

Pre-MARI 1-minute imbalance prices including alpha component (€/MWh), net regulation volume, system imbalance, marginal incremental/decremental price, strategic reserve price, positive/negative imbalance prices.

Elia

Post-MARI 1-minute indicative imbalance price (€/MWh), refreshed every minute for current hour only.

Elia

Pre-MARI settlement-grade quarter-hourly imbalance prices (€/MWh).

Elia

Offered and awarded aFRR capacity bids (MW, €/MW/h) through regional platform, with product and direction. Resolution: 4 hours.

Elia

Post-ICAROS daily snapshot inventory of contracted units with Pmax: technical unit, unit type (CAP, CC, CE, CHEM, FC, GT, HP, HPT, HT, NUC, PV, RoR, ST, TJ, WOF, WON), technical Pmax (MW), fuel type publication.

Elia

MARI-era decremental merit order: rank, balancing product, energy bid volume (MW), cumulative volume (MW), energy bid marginal price (€/MWh).

Elia

Pre-MARI 'Decrement ARC Merit Order': decremental aFRR/mFRR bids (MW, €/MWh) at quarter-hourly resolution.

Elia

Hourly aFRR + mFRR downward bid volumes and prices, DA + ID. Current day plus D+1 when available.

Elia

MARI-era per-BSP/BRP aFRR+mFRR upward bid volumes and prices at quarter-hourly resolution.

Elia

Pre-MARI 'Increment ARC Merit Order': aFRR/mFRR upward bid volumes (MW), bid prices (€/MWh), DA + ID at quarter-hourly resolution.

Elia

Hourly aFRR + mFRR upward bid volumes (MW) and prices (€/MWh), DA + ID. Current day plus D+1 when available.

Elia

Anonymised awarded mFRR capacity bids (MW, €/MW/h). 4-hour, weekly and monthly auctions. mFRR Flex retired 22/05/2024.

Elia

Per-station DSO injection-point telemetry at 5-minute resolution: per-station infeed measurements (MW).

Elia

UK border only: available transfer capacity (MW) at hourly resolution.

Elia

Post-DA intraday NTC re-publication at hourly resolution: NTC (MW) at NemoLink boundary.

JRC

Highly disaggregated energy balances and end-use breakdowns for the EU: industry sub-branches, transport modes, residential end-use, services; technology stocks, vehicle stocks, intensities, emissions. Underpins EU Reference Scenarios. Distributed as XLSX-in-ZIP per country.

Elia

Measured and upscaled load (MW) on the Elia grid at 15-minute resolution. Note: Elia advises using ods001 instead due to a publication issue with ods003.

Elia

Yearly and monthly long-term capacity and UIOSI at hourly resolution: total year/month capacities (MW), use-it-or-sell-it (MW).

Elia

mFRR up/down activated volume (MW) and price (€/MWh) at quarter-hourly resolution.

Elia

Monthly long-term capacity allocation series with daily refresh: monthly forecasts, proposed capacity, year-to-month resales, auction capacity (MW).

TenneT

15-minute up-regulation and down-regulation imbalance settlement prices for the NL balancing market

TenneT

15-minute metered net injection / consumption volumes on the NL transmission grid

Open Power System Data

Hourly (and 15-min where available) time series for 37 European power systems: load, day-ahead prices, wind onshore/offshore, solar generation (actual & forecast), wind/solar installed capacity. Harmonised from European TSOs. Frozen since 2020-10-06.

Elia

Post-ICAROS CIPU equivalent of ods033 with 10-category fuel taxonomy (Nuclear, Natural Gas, Other Fossil, Biofuels, Water, Solar, Wind Offshore, Wind Onshore, Other, Energy storage); generated power (MW), total generated power (MW).

Elia

Pre-ICAROS CIPU generation by fuel at 15-minute resolution: fuel code (CP, LF, NG, NU, SO, WA, WI, OTHER), generated power (MW), total generated power (MW).

Elia

Hourly production (gCO₂eq/kWh) and consumption (gCO₂eq/kWh) CO₂ intensity; daily refresh. Consumption-based version includes imports.

Elia

Pre-22/05/2024 PV with multi-horizon forecasts at 15-minute resolution: measured (MW), most-recent forecast / P10 / P90, day-ahead 11h, day-ahead 6PM, week-ahead, monitored capacity, load factor, region.

Elia

Current-window PV forecasts updated every quarter-hour: intraday, day-ahead, week-ahead PV forecast (MW).

Elia

Reference master data, snapshot: active access point identifiers.

SMARD

Actual feed-in of biomass (Biomasse) in MWh per interval at all SMARD resolutions, all control areas. Filter code 4066.

SMARD

Actual feed-in of brown coal (Braunkohle) at all SMARD resolutions (quarterhour, hour, day, week, month, year), in MWh per interval. Regions: DE, DE-LU, DE-AT-LU, 50Hertz, Amprion, TenneT, TransnetBW, APG (AT), Creos (LU). Filter code 1223.

SMARD

Actual feed-in of hard coal (Steinkohle) in MWh per interval at all SMARD resolutions, all control areas. Filter code 4069.

SMARD

Actual feed-in of run-of-river hydropower (Wasserkraft) in MWh per interval at all SMARD resolutions, all control areas. Run-of-river only; pumped storage is 4070/4387. Filter code 1226.

SMARD

Actual feed-in of natural gas (Erdgas) in MWh per interval at all SMARD resolutions, all control areas. Filter code 4071.

SMARD

Actual feed-in of nuclear (Kernenergie) in MWh per interval at all SMARD resolutions, across all German control areas. Historical only after April 2023 shutdown. Filter code 1224.

SMARD

Actual feed-in of other conventional sources (Sonstige Konventionelle) in MWh per interval at all SMARD resolutions, all control areas. Filter code 1227.

SMARD

Actual feed-in of other renewable sources (Sonstige Erneuerbare) in MWh per interval at all SMARD resolutions, all control areas. Filter code 1228.

SMARD

Actual feed-in of photovoltaic (Photovoltaik) in MWh per interval at all SMARD resolutions, all control areas. Filter code 4068.

SMARD

Actual generation side of pumped storage (Pumpspeicher Erzeugung) in MWh per interval at all SMARD resolutions, all control areas. Filter code 4070.

SMARD

Actual feed-in of offshore wind in MWh per interval at all SMARD resolutions. Available regions: DE, 50Hertz, TenneT. TransnetBW/Amprion typically empty. Filter code 1225.

SMARD

Actual feed-in of onshore wind (Wind Onshore) in MWh per interval at all SMARD resolutions, all control areas. Filter code 4067.

SMARD

Austria (AT) day-ahead market price in €/MWh. Query with region=DE regardless of bidding zone. Filter code 4170.

SMARD

Belgium day-ahead market price in €/MWh. Query with region=DE. Filter code 4996.

SMARD

Czech Republic day-ahead market price in €/MWh. Query with region=DE. Filter code 261.

SMARD

Weighted average day-ahead price across DE/LU's direct neighbours, in €/MWh. Query with region=DE. Filter code 5078.

SMARD

Denmark 1 (DK1) day-ahead market price in €/MWh. Query with region=DE. Filter code 252.

SMARD

Denmark 2 (DK2) day-ahead market price in €/MWh. Query with region=DE. Filter code 253.

SMARD

France day-ahead market price in €/MWh. Query with region=DE. Filter code 254.

SMARD

Hungary day-ahead market price in €/MWh. Query with region=DE. Filter code 262.

SMARD

Italy (North) day-ahead market price in €/MWh. Query with region=DE. Filter code 255.

SMARD

Netherlands day-ahead market price in €/MWh. Query with region=DE. Filter code 256.

SMARD

Norway 2 (NO2) day-ahead market price in €/MWh. Query with region=DE. Filter code 4997.

SMARD

Poland day-ahead market price in €/MWh. Query with region=DE. Filter code 257.

SMARD

Poland (secondary / legacy) day-ahead market price in €/MWh, listed verbatim in upstream OpenAPI. Query with region=DE. Filter code 258.

SMARD

Slovenia day-ahead market price in €/MWh. Query with region=DE. Filter code 260.

SMARD

Switzerland day-ahead market price in €/MWh. Query with region=DE. Filter code 259.

SMARD

Day-ahead 'other' generation forecast (Sonstige) in MWh per interval at all SMARD resolutions. Region: DE. Filter code 715.

SMARD

Day-ahead photovoltaic generation forecast in MWh per interval at all SMARD resolutions, all control areas. Note: upstream OpenAPI inconsistency — enum lists 126, description says 125. Probe both filter codes before relying on one.

SMARD

Total day-ahead generation forecast in MWh per interval at all SMARD resolutions. Region: DE. Filter code 122.

SMARD

Combined renewable day-ahead generation forecast in MWh per interval at all SMARD resolutions, all control areas. Filter code 5097.

SMARD

Day-ahead offshore wind generation forecast in MWh per interval at all SMARD resolutions. Available regions: DE, 50Hertz, TenneT. Filter code 3791.

SMARD

Day-ahead onshore wind generation forecast in MWh per interval at all SMARD resolutions, all control areas. Filter code 123.

SMARD

Pumping (load) side of pumped storage (Pumpspeicher Verbrauch) in MWh per interval at all SMARD resolutions, all control areas. Filter code 4387.

SMARD

Residual load (load minus renewable feed-in) in MWh per interval at all SMARD resolutions, all control areas. Filter code 4359.

Elia

Elia's own short-horizon SI point forecast (MW) plus probability distribution; non-binding.

Elia

Belgian control area total actual generation by fuel at 15-minute resolution: ENTSO-E fuel type, publication fuel type, generated power (MW).

Elia

Companion to ods001/ods003 at 15-minute resolution: measured load and forecasts. Listed under Consumption theme on data.gov.be.

Elia

Post-ICAROS forced and planned unavailabilities of units > 100 MW, event-based: technical unit, type (Planned/Forced), technical Pmax (MW), outage period, status.

Elia

Weekly NTC forecasts at daily resolution: country, direction, NTC (MW).

Elia

Pre-22/05/2024 wind series at 15-minute resolution: measured (MW), monitored capacity (MW), load factor, with offshore/onshore filter and multi-horizon P10/P90 forecasts.

Elia

Current-window wind forecasts updated every quarter-hour: intraday, day-ahead, week-ahead forecast (MW).

Elia

Long-term NTC at monthly resolution; JAO auction input: country, direction, net transfer capacity (MW), capacity for auction (MW).